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By my understanding, Abel's offering of a slain lamb indicated a comprehension of the importance of the shedding of blood as an atonement for human sin that God rewarded through His acceptance of it. Also, aside from the blood aspect, Cain's offering of produce was symbolic of attempts to please God through human effort, which (ever since the fall of the entire human race into sin, which preceded Cain's birth) had been (and still is) insufficient for that purpose.
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